nf-core/ampliseq

Points to the main pipeline input, one of the following:

• folder containing compressed fastq files
• sample sheet ending with .tsv that points towards compressed fastq files
• fasta file ending with .fasta, .fna or .fa that will be taxonomically classified

Related parameters are:

• --pacbio and --iontorrent if the sequencing data is PacBio data or IonTorrent data (default expected: paired-end Illumina data)
• --single_end if the sequencing data is single-ended Illumina data (default expected: paired-end Illumina data)
• --multiple_sequencing_runs (folder input only) if the sequencing data originates from multiple sequencing runs
• --extension (folder input only) if the sequencing file names do not follow the default ("/*_R{1,2}_001.fastq.gz")
• --dada_ref_taxonomy and --qiime_ref_taxonomy to choose an appropriate reference taxonomy for the type of amplicon (16S/18S/ITS) (default: 16S rRNA sequence database)

Folder containing zipped FastQ files

For example:

--input 'path/to/data'

Example for input data organization from one sequencing run with two samples, paired-end data:

data
  ├─sample1_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
  ├─sample1_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz
  ├─sample2_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
  └─sample2_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz

Please note the following requirements:

1. The path must be enclosed in quotes
2. The folder must contain gzip compressed demultiplexed fastq files. If the file names do not follow the default ("/*_R{1,2}_001.fastq.gz"), please check --extension.
3. Sample identifiers are extracted from file names, i.e. the string before the first underscore _, these must be unique
4. If your data is scattered, produce a sample sheet
5. All sequencing data should originate from one sequencing run, because processing relies on run-specific error models that are unreliable when data from several sequencing runs are mixed. Sequencing data originating from multiple sequencing runs requires additionally the parameter --multiple_sequencing_runs and a specific folder structure.

Sample sheet

The sample sheet file is an alternative way to provide input reads, it must be a tab-separated file ending with .tsv that must have two to four columns with the following headers:

• sampleID (required): Unique sample identifiers, any unique string (may not contain dots ., must not start with a number when using metadata)
• forwardReads (required): Paths to (forward) reads zipped FastQ files
• reverseReads (optional): Paths to reverse reads zipped FastQ files, required if the data is paired-end
• run (optional): If the data was produced by multiple sequencing runs, any string

For example:

--input 'path/to/samplesheet.tsv'

Fasta file

When pointing at a file ending with .fasta, .fna or .fa, the containing sequences will be taxonomically classified. All other pipeline steps will be skipped.

This can be used to taxonomically classify previously produced ASV/OTU sequences.

For example:

--input 'path/to/amplicon_sequences.fasta'

In amplicon sequencing methods, PCR with specific primers produces the amplicon of interest. These primer sequences need to be trimmed from the reads before further processing and are also required for producing an appropriate classifier. Do not use here any technical sequence such as adapter sequences but only the primer sequence that matches the biological amplicon.

For example:

--FW_primer "GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA" --RV_primer "GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT"

In amplicon sequencing methods, PCR with specific primers produces the amplicon of interest. These primer sequences need to be trimmed from the reads before further processing and are also required for producing an appropriate classifier. Do not use here any technical sequence such as adapter sequences but only the primer sequence that matches the biological amplicon.

For example:

--FW_primer GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA --RV_primer GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT

This is optional, but for performing downstream analysis such as barplots, diversity indices or differential abundance testing, a metadata file is essential.

Related parameter:

• --metadata_category (optional) to choose columns that are used for testing significance

For example:

--metadata "path/to/metadata.tsv"

Please note the following requirements:

1. The path must be enclosed in quotes
2. The metadata file has to follow the QIIME2 specifications (https://docs.qiime2.org/2021.2/tutorials/metadata/)

The first column in the tab-separated metadata file is the sample identifier column (required header: ID) and defines the sample or feature IDs associated with your study. Metadata files are not required to have additional metadata columns, so a file containing only an ID column is a valid QIIME 2 metadata file. Additional columns defining metadata associated with each sample or feature ID are optional. NB: without additional columns there might be no groupings for the downstream analyses.

Sample identifiers should be 36 characters long or less, and also contain only ASCII alphanumeric characters (i.e. in the range of [a-z], [A-Z], or [0-9]), or the dash (-) character. For downstream analysis, by default all numeric columns, blanks or NA are removed, and only columns with multiple different values but not all unique are selected.

The columns which are to be assessed can be specified by --metadata_category. If --metadata_category isn't specified than all columns that fit the specification are automatically chosen.

If data is long read ITS sequences, that need to be cut to ITS region (full ITS, only ITS1, or only ITS2) for taxonomy assignment.

If using cut_its, this option allows partial ITS sequences, longer than the specified cutoff.

Expects one sub-folder per sequencing run in the folder specified by --input containing sequencing data of the specific run. Sample identifiers are taken from sequencing files, specifically the string before the first underscore will be the sample ID. Sample IDs across all sequencing runs (all sequencing files) have to be unique. If this is not the case, please use a sample sheet as input instead.

Example for input data organization:

data
  |-run1
  |  |-sample1_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
  |  |-sample1_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz
  |  |-sample2_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
  |  |-sample2_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz
  |
  |-run2
     |-sample3_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
     |-sample3_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz
     |-sample4_1_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz
     |-sample4_1_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz

Example command to analyze this data in one pipeline run:

nextflow run nf-core/ampliseq \
    -profile singularity \
    --input "data" \
    --FW_primer "GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA" \
    --RV_primer "GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT" \
    --metadata "data/Metadata.tsv" \
    --multiple_sequencing_runs

This will cause the pipeline to

• not truncate input reads if not --trunclenf and --trunclenr are overwriting defaults
• remove reverse complement primers from the end of reads in case the read length exceeds the amplicon length

This parameters specifies that paired-end reads are not merged after denoising but concatenated (separated by 10 N's). This is of advantage when an amplicon was sequenced that is too long for merging (i.e. bad experimental design). This is an alternative to only analyzing the forward or reverse read in case of non-overlapping paired-end sequencing data.

This parameter is not recommended! Only if all other options fail.

If samples are treated independent (lowest sensitivity and lowest resources), pooled (highest sensitivity and resources) or pseudo-pooled (balance between required resources and sensitivity).

Here columns in the metadata sheet can be chosen with groupings that are used for diversity indices and differential abundance analysis. By default, all suitable columns in the metadata sheet will be used if this option is not specified. Suitable are columns which are categorical (not numerical) and have multiple different values which are not all unique. For example:

--metadata_category "treatment1,treatment2"

Please note the following requirements:

1. Comma separated list enclosed in quotes
2. May not contain whitespace characters
3. Each comma separated term has to match exactly one column name in the metadata sheet

Model formula containing only independent terms contained in the sample metadata. These can be continuous variables or factors, and they can have interactions as in a typical R formula. Essentially, columns in the metadata sheet can be chosen that have no empty values, not only unique values, or not only identical values. For example, "treatment1+treatment2" tests whether the data partitions based on "treatment1" and "treatment2" sample metadata. "treatment1*treatment2" test both of those effects as well as their interaction. More examples can be found in the R documentation, https://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/r-release/R-intro.html#Formulae-for-statistical-models

Indicates the naming of sequencing files (default: "/*_R{1,2}_001.fastq.gz").

Please note:

1. The prepended slash (/) is required
2. The star (*) is the required wildcard for sample names
3. The curly brackets ({}) enclose the orientation for paired end reads, seperated by a comma (,).
4. The pattern must be enclosed in quotes

For example for one sample (name: 1) with forward (file: 1_a.fastq.gz) and reverse (file: 1_b.fastq.gz) reads in folder data:

--input "data" --extension "/*_{a,b}.fastq.gz"

Set this parameter to your e-mail address to get a summary e-mail with details of the run sent to you when the workflow exits. If set in your user config file (~/.nextflow/config) then you don't need to specify this on the command line for every run.

When read sequences are trimmed, untrimmed read pairs are discarded routinely. Use this option to retain untrimmed read pairs. This is usually not recommended and is only of advantage for specific protocols that prevent sequencing PCR primers.

Cutdapt will be run twice, first to remove reads without primers (default), then a second time to remove reads that erroneously contain a second set of primers, not to be used with --retain_untrimmed.

Read denoising by DADA2 creates an error profile specific to a sequencing run and uses this to correct sequencing errors. This method prefers when all reads to have the same length and as high quality as possible while maintaining at least 20 bp overlap for merging. One cutoff for the forward read --trunclenf and one for the reverse read --trunclenr truncate all longer reads at that position and drop all shorter reads. If not set, these cutoffs will be determined automatically for the position before the mean quality score drops below --trunc_qmin.

For example:

--trunclenf 180 --trunclenr 120

Please note:

1. Overly aggressive truncation might lead to insufficient overlap for read merging
2. Too little truncation might reduce denoised reads
3. The code choosing these values automatically cannot take the points above into account, therefore checking read numbers is essential

Read denoising by DADA2 creates an error profile specific to a sequencing run and uses this to correct sequencing errors. This method prefers when all reads to have the same length and as high quality as possible while maintaining at least 20 bp overlap for merging. One cutoff for the forward read --trunclenf and one for the reverse read --trunclenr truncate all longer reads at that position and drop all shorter reads. If not set, these cutoffs will be determined automatically for the position before the mean quality score drops below --trunc_qmin.

For example:

--trunclenf 180 --trunclenr 120

Please note:

1. Overly aggressive truncation might lead to insufficient overlap for read merging
2. Too little truncation might reduce denoised reads
3. The code choosing these values automatically cannot take the points above into account, therefore checking read numbers is essential

Automatically determine --trunclenf and --trunclenr before the median quality score drops below --trunc_qmin. The fraction of reads retained is defined by --trunc_rmin, which might override the quality cutoff.

For example:

--trunc_qmin 35

Please note:

1. The code choosing --trunclenf and --trunclenr using --trunc_qmin automatically cannot take amplicon length or overlap requirements for merging into account, therefore use with caution.
2. A minimum value of 25 is recommended. However, high quality data with a large paired sequence overlap might justify a higher value (e.g. 35). Also, very low quality data might require a lower value.
3. If the quality cutoff is too low to include a certain fraction of reads that is specified by --trunc_rmin (e.g. 0.75 means at least 75% percent of reads are retained), a lower cutoff according to --trunc_rmin superseeds the quality cutoff.

Value can range from 0 to 1. 0 means no reads need to be retained and 1 means all reads need to be retained. The minimum lengths of --trunc_qmin and --trunc_rmin are chosen as DADA2 cutoffs.

After truncation, reads with higher than max_ee "expected errors" will be discarded. In case of very long reads, you might want to increase this value. We recommend (to start with) a value corresponding to approximately 1 expected error per 100-200 bp (default: 2)

Remove reads with length greater than max_len after trimming and truncation. Must be a positive integer.

Remove reads with length less than min_len after trimming and truncation.

Depends on the reference taxonomy database used.

Depends on the reference taxonomy database used. Default databases should have genus level at 7.

Depends on the reference taxonomy database used.

Depends on the reference taxonomy database used. Default databases should have genus level at 6.

Choose any of the supported databases, and optionally also specify the version. Database and version are separated by an equal sign (=, e.g. silva=138) . This will download the desired database, format it to produce a file that is compatible with DADA2's assignTaxonomy and another file that is compatible with DADA2's addSpecies.

The following databases are supported:

• GTDB - Genome Taxonomy Database - 16S rRNA
• PR2 - Protist Reference Ribosomal Database - 18S rRNA
• RDP - Ribosomal Database Project - 16S rRNA
• SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project - 16S rRNA
• UNITE - eukaryotic nuclear ribosomal ITS region - ITS

Generally, using gtdb, pr2, rdp, sbdi-gtdb, silva, unite-fungi, or unite-alleuk will select the most recent supported version. For details on what values are valid, please either use an invalid value such as x (causing the pipeline to send an error message with a list of all valid values) or see conf/ref_databases.config.

Please note that commercial/non-academic entities require licensing for SILVA v132 database (non-default) but not from v138 on (default).

Expected amplified sequences are extracted from the DADA2 reference taxonomy using the primer sequences, that might improve classification. This is not applied to species classification (assignSpecies) but only for lower taxonomic levels (assignTaxonomy).

Choose any of the supported databases, and optionally also specify the version. Database and version are separated by an equal sign (=, e.g. silva=138) . This will download the desired database and initiate taxonomic classification with QIIME2 and the chosen database.

If both, --dada_ref_taxonomy and --qiime_ref_taxonomy are used, DADA2 classification will be used for downstream analysis.

The following databases are supported:

• SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project - 16S rRNA
• UNITE - eukaryotic nuclear ribosomal ITS region - ITS
• Greengenes (only testing!)

Generally, using silva, unite-fungi, or unite-alleuk will select the most recent supported version. For testing purposes, the tiny database greengenes85 (dereplicated at 85% sequence similarity) is available. For details on what values are valid, please either use an invalid value such as x (causing the pipeline to send an error message with all valid values) or see conf/ref_databases.config.

If you have trained a compatible classifier before, from sources such as SILVA (https://www.arb-silva.de/), Greengenes (http://greengenes.secondgenome.com/downloads) or RDP (https://rdp.cme.msu.edu/).

For example:

--classifier "FW_primer-RV_primer-classifier.qza"

Please note the following requirements:

1. The path must be enclosed in quotes
2. The classifier is a Naive Bayes classifier produced by qiime feature-classifier fit-classifier-naive-bayes (e.g. by this pipeline)
3. The primer pair for the amplicon PCR and the computing of the classifier are exactly the same (or full-length, potentially lower performance)
4. The classifier has to be trained by the same version of scikit-learn as this version of the pipeline uses

Depending on the primers used, PCR might amplify unwanted or off-target DNA. By default sequences originating from mitochondria or chloroplasts are removed. The taxa specified are excluded from further analysis. For example to exclude any taxa that contain mitochondria, chloroplast, or archaea:

--exclude_taxa "mitochondria,chloroplast,archaea"

If you prefer not filtering the data, specify:

--exclude_taxa "none"

Please note the following requirements:

1. Comma separated list enclosed in quotes
2. May not contain whitespace characters
3. Features that contain one or several of these terms in their taxonomical classification are excluded from further analysis
4. The taxonomy level is not taken into consideration

Remove entries from the feature table below an absolute abundance threshold (default: 1, meaning filter is disabled). Singletons are often regarded as artifacts, choosing a value of 2 removes sequences with less than 2 total counts from the feature table.

For example to remove singletons choose:

--min_frequency 2

Filtering low prevalent features from the feature table, e.g. keeping only features that are present in at least two samples can be achived by choosing a value of 2 (default: 1, meaning filter is disabled). Typically only used when having replicates for all samples.

For example to retain features that are present in at least two sample:

--min_samples 2

Please note this is independent of abundance.